Search This Blog

Thursday, August 15, 2013

Londano v Gonzalez, 2013 WL 1934043, (D. Massachusetts) [Colombia] [Federal & State Judicial Remedies] [Temporary Restraining Order]


In Londano v Gonzalez, 2013 WL 1934043, (D. Massachusetts) Petitioner Francelly Sanchez Londono filed a Verified Emergency Petition for the Return of Child and Warrant of Arrest in Lieu of Writ of Habeas Corpus, pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 11601. The petition was accompanied by an Emergency Motion for Relief and an Application to Proceed in District Court Without Prepaying Fees or Costs. The petition was brought pursuant to the Hague Convention and sought, among other things, to compel respondent Nelson Gonzalez to appear in court to show cause why the child EG should not be returned to Colombia. The petition alleged that EG was brought from Colombia to the United States in May 2011 by her father, Gonzalez, and had been retained here without petitioner’s consent.

Petitioner filed an Emergency Petition for the Return of Child and an Emergency Motion for Relief. The court denied the motion for poor person relief. However, it observed that upon appropriate motion, the Court has the authority to prevent a child’s concealment or removal from the District until such a petition is ruled upon. See 42 U.S.C. § 11604(a); Fed.R.Civ.P. 65. ICARA expressly authorizes a court to "take or cause to be taken measures under federal or state law, as appropriate, ... to prevent the child’s further removal or concealment before the final disposition of the petition." 42 U.S.C. § 11604(a).

Given the representations made to the Court by petitioner, and the very serious irreparable harm that was likely to result both to the child and to petitioner in the event the child was wrongly removed from this jurisdiction, a temporary restraining order was justified to preserve the status quo pending a hearing. For the purposes of Fed.R.Civ.P. 65(b), the Court found that petitioner had made a sufficient showing that, without an injunction, she may sustain immediate and irreparable injury before there was an opportunity for a hearing. The record did not suggest any comparable irreparable harm to respondent that would result from the granting of this temporary injunction. The balance of hardships tiped in favor of petitioner. Based on the present record, the Court was also convinced that it was necessary to issue an injunction without prior notice to respondent. Petitioner’s submissions indicated a risk that, should notice be provided, the child might be concealed or taken from this jurisdiction before an injunction could be served. The Court did not require petitioner to post a bond as a condition of obtaining the injunction at this trial. It directed that a summons be served on the respondent.

Wood v Wood, 2013 WL 1907492, (E.D. Washington) [United Kingdom] [Federal & State Judicial Remedies ][Temporary Restraining Order] [Deposit Passport with Court]


 In Wood v Wood, 2013 WL 1907492, (E.D. Washington) Petitioner filed an Ex Parte Request for Expedited Consideration of Verified Petition for Return of Child to the United Kingdom and Issuance of Show Cause Order (ECF No. 3). He sought the return of his minor child, LPBW, to the child’s home country of the United Kingdom. He alleged that LPBW has been wrongfully retained in the United States by his mother, Respondent Melissa Renee Wood ("Respondent"), and was currently residing with Respondent in Moxee, Washington. Petitioner requested an order (1) temporarily restraining Respondent from removing LPBW from this Court’s jurisdiction; (2) requiring Respondent to deposit LPBW’s passport and other travel documents with the Court; and (3) directing Respondent to appear for a show cause hearing. Fearing that Respondent would attempt to remove the child from the Eastern District of Washington if given advance notice of these proceedings, Petitioner filed the motion ex parte.

The District Court observed that 42 U.S.C. § 11604(a) extends the Courts authority to issuing an ex parte temporary restraining order where the requirements of Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 65(b) are satisfied. Morgan v. Morgan, 289 F.Supp.2d 1067, 1069 (N.D. Iowa 2003. In taking any preventative measures pursuant to § 1 1604(a), however, a court must ensure that "the applicable requirements of State law are satisfied." 42 U.S.C. § 11604(b).

Petitioner requested an order barring respondent from removing LPBW from this Court’s jurisdiction pending full adjudication of the Petition. Given that Petitioner filed his motion without serving a copy on Respondent, the Court construed this request as a motion for an ex parte temporary restraining order ("TRO"). Under Rule 65(b), a party seeking a TRO must establish: (1) a likelihood of success on the merits, (2) a likelihood of irreparable injury if the requested relief is not granted, (3) that a balancing of the hardships weighs in its favor; and (4) that the requested relief will advance the public interest. See Winter v. Natural Res. Def. Council, 555 U.S. 7, 20, 129 S.Ct. 365, 172 L.Ed.2d 249 (2008). When these elements are satisfied, a court may temporarily enjoin the opposing party from engaging in a specific action pending a hearing to determine whether the restrictions should remain in force in the form of a preliminary injunction.

The Court found that the issuance of a TRO was appropriate. Petitioner established a prima facie case of wrongful retention under the Hague Convention by alleging that Respondent was holding LPBW, a child under sixteen years of age whose country of habitual residence is the United Kingdom, in the United States without his permission and in violation of his rights of custody under the Law of England and Wales. Petitioner also established to the Court’s satisfaction that Respondent and LPBW were currently residing within the Eastern District of Washington. Accordingly, Petitioner established a sufficiently high likelihood of success on the merits. Petitioner also established a sufficiently high likelihood of irreparable injury if the requested relief was not granted. According to the Petition, Respondent had taken LPBW "on the road" through at least four different states in an effort to conceal the child’s whereabouts from Petitioner. In light of these allegations, there was reason to believe that Respondent may remove LPBW from this Court’s jurisdiction upon learning of these proceedings if not expressly prohibited from doing so. If that occurred, Petitioner would likely experience great difficulty in locating the child and pursuing the child’s safe return to the United Kingdom. The Court found that injunctive relief was necessary to prevent this and other potential injuries from occurring. For these same reasons, the Court found that issuance of the Order without notice to Respondent was appropriate under Rule 65(b)(2). Prohibiting Respondent from removing LPBW from the Eastern District of Washington until she could be heard on the matter was a minimally burdensome condition. Indeed, given that Respondent and LPBW appeared to have settled in Moxee (at least for the time being), there was no reason to believe that either Respondent or the child will be burdened at all. Conversely, Petitioner faced a substantial hardship if the requested relief was not granted. As noted above, Petitioner’s ability to obtain effective relief under the Hague Convention would be seriously jeopardized if Respondent were to remove the child from this Court’s jurisdiction. Finally, the Court found that an order barring Respondent from removing LPBW from the jurisdiction would advance the public interest. In implementing the Convention through ICARA, the United States Congress found, inter alia, that "the international abduction ... of children is harmful to their well-being" and that persons who engage in such conduct "should not be permitted to obtain custody of children by virtue of their wrongful removal or retention." 42 U.S.C. § 11601(a)(1), (2). Granting the requested relief would, at least temporarily, prevent Respondent from further profiting from her alleged wrongful retention of LPBW in the United States. Accordingly, the Court concluded that Petitioner was entitled to an order temporarily restraining Respondent from removing LPBW from the Court’s jurisdiction; it prohibited her from directly or indirectly removing the minor child, LPBW, born in 2007, from the Eastern District of Washington; directed that Petitioner shall not be required to give security under Rule 65(c); directed Respondent to appear before the court to show cause why she should not be prohibited from removing the LPBW from the Court’s jurisdiction until the proceeding was concluded; directed Respondent to produce LPBW’s passport and any other identification and/or travel documents at the hearing and to deposit them with the Court for safekeeping until the proceeding was concluded; and directed Petitioner to arrange for the Order, along with a copy of the Verified Petition and all attached documents, to be personally served upon Respondent at the earliest possible time, and file proof of service prior to the hearing.

Culculoglu v Culculoglu, 2013 WL 1413231 (D.Nev.) [Canada] [Federal & State Judicial Remedies] [Temporary Restraining Order] [Delivery of Passport to Court]

In Culculoglu v Culculoglu, 2013 WL 1413231 (D.Nev.) Petitioner alleged that he resided in Whistler, British Columbia, Canada where, until September 2012, he lived with Respondent and their three children. On March 15, 2013, Petitioner filed his Verified Complaint asserting a cause of action for Wrongful Retention under The Hague Convention on International Child Abduction. In the Petition, Petitioner sought return of the children to Canada to allow the courts of the children's "habitual residence" to determine any custody issues. Petitioner filed a motion seeking an ex parte Temporary Restraining Order to ensure that the minor children, remained in Nevada until the Court can resolve the merits of this matter.

The Court observed that Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 65 governs preliminary injunctions and temporary restraining orders, and requires that a motion for temporary restraining order include "specific facts in an affidavit or a verified complaint [that] clearly show that immediate and irreparable injury, loss, or damage will result to the movant before the adverse party can be heard in opposition," as well as written certification from the movant's attorney stating "any efforts made to give notice and the reasons why it should not be required."Fed.R.Civ.P. 65(b).Temporary restraining orders are governed by the same standard applicable to preliminary injunctions. Like a preliminary injunction, the Court may issue a temporary restraining order if a plaintiff establishes: (1) likelihood of success on the merits; (2) likelihood of irreparable harm in the absence of preliminary relief; (3) that the balance of equities tips in his favor; and (4) that an injunction is in the public interest. Winter v. Natural Res. Def. Council, Inc., 555 U.S. 7, 20 (2008) ."Injunctive relief [is] an extraordinary remedy that may only be awarded upon a clear showing that the plaintiff is entitled to such relief." Id. at 22.

The district court concluded that Plaintiff established each of the prongs of the TRO analysisThe first prong requires Petitioner to establish that the children were removed or retained away from the country of their habitual residence. See Hague Convention, art. 3(a). The second prong of Petitioner's Wrongful Retention claim requires that Petitioner prove that Respondent's retention of the children in the United States was in breach of the custody rights of the Petitioner, as provided by Canadian law. Hague Convention, art. 3(a). Finally, Petitioner must establish that, at the time the children were removed or retained, Petitioner was actually exercising his rights of custody. Hague Convention, art. 3(b). Petitioner's Verified Complaint adequately demonstrates that he was exercising his rights of custody at the time Respondent brought the children to the United States and that Petitioner would have continued to exercise his rights of custody but for Respondent's allegedly wrongful retention of the children in the United States. Given the risk that Respondent could further conceal the location of the children, the Court found that Petitioner would likely be irreparably harmed in the absence of the requested relief to maintain the status quo.

The Court concluded that the risk of Respondent secreting away the children before the resolution of the Petition, outweighed any injury to the Respondent or the children that may result from ordering them to stay in the District. First, the Order merely maintained the status quo by ordering that Respondent and the children remain in the District during the pendency of this action. Second, the Verified Complaint stated that Respondent's parents reside in the District.  Thus, this Order would not impose a hardship on Respondent.

Accordingly, the balance of equities tipped in favor of Petitioner and supported the issuance of the requested temporary restraining order. "The public interest analysis for the issuance of [injunctive relief] requires [district courts] to consider whether there exists some critical public interest that would be injured by the grant of preliminary relief." ICARA expressly authorizes a court to "take or cause to be taken measures under Federal or State law, as appropriate, ... to prevent the child[ren]'s further removal or concealment before the final disposition of the petition." 42 U.S.C. § 11604(a). Accordingly, in this case, the Court found no such public interest that would be injured by the issuance of such injunctive relief.

The Court also directed Respondent to deliver to the United States Marshal, for safekeeping, any passports for TC, KC, and AC that are were Respondent's possession, custody, or control, and shall further notify the United States Marshal if Respondent knows of any person having possession of such a passport. The Court directed that the summons and other papers be served upon the Respondent.


Arulpragasam v. Bronfman, 2013 WL 2249256 (E.D.N.Y.) [England] [Federal & State Judicial Remedies] [Use of Pseudonyms in Civil Litigation]

 In Arulpragasam v. Bronfman, 2013 WL 2249256 (E.D.N.Y.) Petitioner Mathangi Arulpragasam filed a petition under the Hague Convention seeking an order directing Respondent Benjamin Bronfman to refrain from retaining their son in New York and allowing Petitioner and son to return to England.

Petitioner requested that the following information be redacted from all court filings: 1. "[A]ll identifying information about the [c]hild (to protect his privacy and safety), including his name, the school he is now attending" and certain other personal information regarding the child; 2. "[I]dentifying information about [P]etitioner (to protect her safety and effectuate the [c]hild's privacy concerns)," to include Petitioner's home address and other personal information; and 3. "[T]he names of the parties (to effectuate the foregoing), including revision of the caption to be 'Anonymous v. Anonymous.' "

The Court granted the first two requests and denied the third request. It observed that this was not a child custody case, and was not governed by New York law, but by a treaty which Petitioner did not assert provided for the sealing of this proceeding. Petitioner argued that the Second Circuit's decision in United States v. Amodeo, 71 F.3d 1044 (2d Cir.1995), supported the redaction of the personal information requested. The Court agreed with Petitioner that some of the information that Petitioner sought to redact from the filings should be redacted. Pursuant to Rule 5.2 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, parties are required to redact certain personal information from all documents filed with the Court, including the name of the child. As to the other personal information Petitioner sought to redact, the Court found that such information should be redacted from all filings.

The Court denied Petitioner's third request which sought to conceal the identity of the parties in this case and to identify them as Anonymous v. Anonymous. Petitioner's only argument in support of this request was that "removing the parties' names from the caption will lessen the likelihood of interest being directed toward" the case. The Court held that the public's interest in Petitioner is not a legal basis for sealing this proceeding, nor is it a legal basis for anonymity. In Sealed Plaintiff v. Sealed Defendant, the Second Circuit discussed the standard governing the use of pseudonyms in civil litigation. 537 F.3d 185, 189-90 (2d Cir.2008). The court stated that "the interests of both the public and the opposing party should be considered when determining whether to grant an application to proceed under a pseudonym. Accordingly, we ... hold that when determining whether a plaintiff may be allowed to maintain an action under a pseudonym, the plaintiff's interest in anonymity must be balanced against both the public interest in disclosure and any prejudice to the defendant." Id. at 189.The Second Circuit held that the balancing of interests entails the consideration of several factors citing. It noted that this list is non-exhaustive and district courts should take into account other factors relevant to the particular case under consideration Although Respondent did not oppose Petitioner's requests, Petitioner did not convince the Court that the balance of these factors weighed in her favor.

Walker v Walker, 2013 WL 1110876 (N.D.Ill.) [Australia] [Habitual Residence] [Age & Maturity] [Petition Granted]

In Walker v Walker, 2013 WL 1110876 (N.D.Ill.) in early May 2011, Iain Walker, a citizen of Australia, filed suit against his then wife Norene Walker, a United States citizen, seeking to compel her to return their three children to Australia. In September 2011, another judge of the court conducted a bench trial on the petition, and, on October 20, 2011, he ruled in Norene's favor. The court of appeals in Walker v. Walker, 701 F.3d 1110, 1114 (7th Cir.2012), overturned as insufficiently supported the district judge's determinations that the United States was the children's habitual residence at the relevant time; that Iain had abandoned the children and was not exercising his rights of custody at the relevant time; and that Iain had consented to the children remaining in the United States. The court remanded the case for further proceedings setting forth in its opinion the crucial issues which were not fully developed in the previous proceedings, and directed that the district court resolve at least the following questions: 1. What was Iain and Norene's mutual intent regarding the trip to the United States in June 2010? Was this intended as an extended vacation or as a permanent move? 2. What has been the precise nature of Iain's participation in the Illinois divorce proceedings, and to what extent, if at all, does this participation indicate that Iain either consented to or acquiesced in the children's retention in the United States? 3. To the extent the children have "attained an age and degree of maturity at which it is appropriate to take account of their views," [ Hague Convention] Art. 13, what is the children's attitude to being returned to Australia? In conducting this inquiry, we caution that the district court must be attentive to the possibility that the children's views may be the product of "undue influence" of the parent who currently has custody. 51 Fed.Reg. 10510.

The district court observed that the first step, was to determine the children's habitual residence at the relevant time. As the Seventh Circuit stated in its decision in this case, to prevail, Iain was "required to show that Australia was the children's habitual residence at the time of their retention in the United States." Walker, 701 F.3d at 1119. It found that the time of the children's retention in the United States by Norene was, at the latest, late January 2011. Norene testified that this was when she first formed the intention to remain in the United States and not return the children to Australia. It was undisputed that the Walkers resided in Australia from 1998 through June 2010. In a case of alleged wrongful retention, a court determines a child's habitual residence "by asking whether a prior place of residence was effectively abandoned and a new residence established by the shared actions and intention of the parents coupled with the passage of time." Walker, 701 F.3d at 1119." Because the parents often dispute their intentions, the court should look at actions as well as declarations in determining whether the parents shared an intent to abandon a prior habitual residence." Iain had proven by a preponderance of the evidence that the Walkers did not have a shared intention to abandon their residence in Australia and establish a new residence in the United States. This proposition was amply established by the testimony of both parties as well as their earlier statements and actions and the circumstantial evidence. Iain and Norene were married in Chicago, where Norene's parents lived, in 1993. They lived in Seattle, Washington until 1998, and their first child was born there in 1997. They moved to Perth, a city in Western Australia, in 1998, when their first child was about one year old. Iain and Norene's two younger children were born in Australia in 1999 and 2001. Norene testified that she and Iain initially intended to live in Australia for five years and then relocate to the United States. She testified that she agreed to marry Iain only on that condition. They actually lived together in Australia, however, for twelve years, until 2010. As the Seventh Circuit stated in its ruling, and as the evidenced presented to this Court showed, [o]ver this period, they and their children appeared to be well-settled: they owned a home, furniture, and a dog named Chubba; the children attended school, had friends, and participated in activities; and Iain worked as a software test engineer while Norene cared for the children. Iain, Norene, and their children traveled to the United States in June 2010. The Seventh Circuit stated, and the Court found based on the evidence presented, that "[w]hen they left Australia, both Iain and Norene expected that Norene and the children would remain in the United States for six months to one year." Norene contended, however, that this trip was intended "as an extended prelude to a permanent move to the United States." Norene testified that  she married Iain on the condition that after five years, they would relocate in the United States. She contended that the June 2010 trip represented the fulfillment of that condition, or at least the initial steps toward its fulfillment. Iain contended, by contrast, that they intended for Norene and the children to live with Norene's parents in Chicago while the family demolished their house in Perth and built a new one, at which point Norene and the children would return to Australia and resume living there indefinitely.

It was undisputed that their home in Perth was demolished and that construction of two new homes on the property was to begin thereafter. Iain said that the family planned to live in one; Norene said they planned to sell both. The evidence overwhelmingly showed that Iain and Norene did not have a "shared intention" to abandon residence in Australia and establish residence in the United States at any time relevant to this case. The Court found credible Iain's testimony that he did not intend to relocate himself or the family permanently to the United States and that the purpose of the extended stay in this country was to allow demolition and reconstruction of the family's home in Perth. The Court also found credible Iain's testimony that he did not participate along with Norene in what she described as initial efforts to look for a home in the United States. The Court did not doubt that Norene may have wanted to eventually establish residence in the United States. The Court found that Iain and Norene's mutual intent regarding the June 2010 trip to the United States was that it was not a permanent move or even a prelude to a permanent move. Rather, it was a temporary stay. At most the trip was an extended leave of absence from Australia with the intent to return to their permanent residence that country. There was no shared intention to abandon Australia as their residence and establish residence in the United States. The children's habitual residence was Australia as of the time of the alleged wrongful retention.

The Court found that Norene's retention of the children was in breach of Iain's custody rights under Australian law. It was not seriously disputed that Iain had, at the relevant time, the right of joint custody of the children under Australian law. The Court considered Norene to have forfeited this argument due to the utter absence of any reasonable effort by her counsel to support it; leaving it to the Court to wade through a complex and detailed 700-plus page statute did not cut it. The Court found that Iain had met his burden of providing that Norene's retention of the three children, which took place at the latest in late January 2011, breached his rights of custody under the law of Australia, which is where the children were habitually resident immediately before the retention. The Court also found that Iain was actually exercising his rights of custody up through and at the time of Norene's retention of the children.

The district judge who conducted the first trial concluded that Iain had abandoned the children after returning to Australia in July 2010 and at the latest in January 2011. This conclusion appeared to have been based largely on evidence that the Seventh Circuit concluded should have been excluded for this purpose. One way or another, however, the Court disagreed with the previous judge. The admissible evidence was all to the contrary. There was no abandonment of the children by Iain, and he was actually exercising his custody rights at the relevant time. The Court concluded that Iain established the necessary elements of a claim of wrongful retention under article 3 of the Hague Convention.

Norene contended that Iain had consented to, or subsequently acquiesced in, the retention of the children by Norene in the United States. She failed to prove either by a preponderance of the evidence, and the evidence was not close. Iain took prompt steps to seek relief via the Hague Convention.He has consistently and diligently pursued his petition for relief under the Convention and ICARA ever since that time, through the present day. In arguing acquiescence, Norene relied on Iain's participation in the Illinois divorce proceedings, and perhaps on his later non-participation in those proceedings. Iain participated in the Illinois divorce proceedings via counsel until approximately the end of January 2012. Nothing about his participation in the case suggested acquiescence in the children's retention in the United States. There was nothing about Iain's actions that suggested that this represented acquiescence in the children's retention in the United States. Even while ceasing participation in the Illinois divorce case, Iain continued to pursue vigorously in the court and on appeal his challenge to Norene's retention of the children.

The third question posed by the court of appeals involves the application of the child objection provision of the Hague Convention. Article 13 of the Hague Convention states that a judicial authority "may also refuse to order the return of the child if it finds that the child objects to being returned and has attained an age and degree of maturity at which it is appropriate to take account of its views."Hague Conv. art. 13. During the initial trial before the previous judge, each of the three children was questioned in the presence of counsel but not the parties, informally, while sitting around a table. The Court followed the same practice at the trial just conducted. The three children were a fifteen year old girl who would turn sixteen on March 18 of that year, a thirteen year old boy who would turn fourteen in August, and an eleven year old girl who would turn twelve in June.. The older daughter had a sheet of handwritten notes that she consulted from time to time. All of the children were doing well in school, better than they were doing during the period shortly after they first came to the United States. All of them were involved in activities here. They expressed the view that there were better opportunities here than in Australia. The children all reported that they like living here and with their mother. They also all reported that they had frequent contact with their father by telephone and Skype. The oldest daughter still had contact with some of her friends from Australia, and all of them remembered living there and that they liked it when they were there. The middle child stated that he was a bit angry with his father and disappointed that his father had "ordered a retrial," which he said he had learned from his mother. (The Court attempted to explain to him that the "retrial" had been ordered by judges, not by his father.) All three of the children expressed their desire to remain in the United States, with their mother. The Court found that the two older children had reached an age and maturity at which it was appropriate to take account of their views. The Court assumed for purposes of discussion that the younger daughter likewise has reached a sufficient age and maturity for the article 13 provision to apply.

It observed that a court must take care not to give significant weight to a child's views if the child has been unduly influenced by the respondent parent. See, e.g., Walker v. Kitt, --- F.Supp.2d ----, 2012 WL 5237262, at *5 (N.D.Ill. Oct. 24, 2012) There was evidence of that here. First, as indicated earlier, the middle child's apparent anger with his father arose rom his mother having told him that his father "ordered a retrial." Second, each of the children made reference to better "opportunities" for education and otherwise, using very similar terminology. The Court might have regarded this as independently derived had it come only from the Walkers' oldest daughter, a high school sophomore, or perhaps from their son, an eighth grader. After the two older children spoke, however, the youngest child, after some initial introductory questions, began her statement about the relevant topics by talking about better education and a lot more opportunities here than in Australia. Given the three children's remarkably similar statements in this regard, the Court was constrained to conclude that their statements were subject of some degree of influence, and it was reasonable to infer that this was from their mother. Even were that not the case, although the Court found the children quite likeable and respects their views, the circumstances did not warrant giving their views controlling weight. As of the date of the trial, they had been in the United States for just three months short of three years. They had become acclimated to living here, and they had become settled in. It was both understandable and predictable that they did not now wish to relocate. It wsa likewise understandable and predictable that they had a far closer connection with their mother, with whom they have lived for this extended period, than with their father. But all of this was, at least in significant part, a direct result of their wrongful retention here by Norene. As the Third Circuit noted in Yang,"[a] lengthy wrongful retention could enable the child to become comfortable in his or her new surroundings, which may create a desire to remain in his or her new home." Yang, 499 F.3d at 280. In such a case, "application of the exception ... would reward [a respondent] for violating [a petitioner's] custody rights, and defeat the purposes of the Convention."

The Court entered judgment in favor of the petitioner and directed the respondent to immediately return the parties' three children to petitioner in Australia.

Bernal v. Gonzalez,--- F.Supp.2d ----, 2012 WL 7113186 (W.D.Tex.) [Mexico] [Habitual Residence][Rights of Custody] [Grave Risk of Harm] [Article 16 & 17] [Petition Granted]



In Bernal v. Gonzalez,--- F.Supp.2d ----, 2012 WL 7113186 (W.D.Tex.) Petitioner Amelia Aguilar Bernal filed a Verified Petition for Return of Children. Petitioner Bernal and Respondent Gonzalez were citizens of the Republic of Mexico; were married in Elk Point, South Dakota, on January 31, 2003; and were the parents of four children: A .B. (male), C.G.B., C.D.B., and A.B. (female). The children were all born in the United States of America and were United States citizens. A.B. (male) was born in 1996 in California and was currently sixteen years old. C.G.B. and C.D.B. were ten year old twins, born in Iowa in 2002. A.B. (female) was five years old, also born in Iowa, in 2007. In 2008, Petitioner and Respondent moved to Guasaves, Sinaloa, Mexico, from the United States, with their four children. There, Respondent purchased land and built a house. A.B. (male), C .G.B., and C.D.B. attended school in Guasaves, Sinaloa, Mexico. A.B. (female) was at home with Petitioner or family members. Petitioner took care of the children while Respondent worked in the United States. Petitioner and Respondent had marital problems and separated in 2010.

On December 16, 2010, Petitioner and Respondent entered into an agreement regarding the care of their four children at the Desarrollo Integral de La Familia (1) Respondent would pay $1500.00 Mexican pesos per week for support of A.B. (male), C.G.B., C.D.B., and A.B. (female); and (2) Respondent would have weekend visitation rights. The agreement restricted Respondent's visitation to locations within Sinaloa, Mexico. Respondent and Petitioner signed the agreement and each placed inked thumb prints on the document. After signing the agreement, Respondent returned to the United States to work. At some point in March of 2011, Respondent returned to Guasaves, Sinaloa, Mexico, with the intent to retrieve his four children and move them to the United States. On or about March 25, 2011, Respondent picked up A.B. (male), C.G.B., C.D.B., and A.B. (female) from Petitioner for a weekend of visitation as per their written agreement. On or about March 25, 2011, Respondent took A.B. (male), C.G .B., C.D.B., and A.B. (female) to the United States. Petitioner never consented to the initial removal of her four children to the United States and never subsequently acquiesced to the removal of the children. Petitioner diligently pursued the location and return of her children. On or about March 28, 2011, Petitioner reported Respondent's taking of the children to the Ministerio Publico in Guasaves, Sinaloa, Mexico.

On July 12, 2011, Petitioner signed an Application for Return of Children. Upon leaving Mexico, Petitioner first took A.B. (male), C.G.B., C.D.B., and A.B. (female) for a brief stay in San Diego, California. From California, they moved to Nebraska. From information provided to her by her aunt, Petitioner learned A.B. (male), C.G.B., C.D.B., and A.B. (female) were in Nebraska soon after their arrival there.. Petitioner requested that Respondent return the children to Mexico and he refused. Respondent moved A.B. (male), C.G.B., C.D.B., and A.B. (female) from Nebraska to Crane, Texas. Respondent filed for divorce in a Texas court on May 2, 2012. A default judgment was entered by the Texas court on July 26, 2012. Respondent was awarded sole managing custody.

Petitioner filed suit in the Western District of Texas, Midland/Odessa Division, for Return of Children on August 27, 2012. The court found that the Republic of Mexico was the country of habitual residence for A.B. (male), C.G.B., C.D.B., and A.B. (female) prior to their removal on or about March 25, 2011. Petitioner proved by a preponderance of the evidence that C.G.B., C.D.B., and A .B. (female) were wrongfully removed from their country of habitual residence. Petitioner had rights of custody under the laws of the State in which the children were habitual residents immediately before removal and was exercising those rights before removal. Respondent's removal of C.G.B., C.D.B., and A.B. (female) breached Petitioner's rights of custody.

The court observed that the the Fifth Circuit adopted its framework for making country of habitual residence determinations. Larbie v. Larbie, 690 F.3d 295, 310 (5th Cir.2012). The inquiry balances the interests of the child with the intentions of the parents. Larbie, 690 F.3d at 310. A court's "inquiry into a child's habitual residence is not formulaic; rather it is a fact-intensive determination that necessarily varies with the circumstances of each case." When determining a child's country of habitual residence, analysis focuses on the "parents' shared intent or settled purpose regarding their child's residence." Here the facts indicated that both parents shared the intent that Guasaves, Sinaloa, Mexico, was their children's residence prior to removal. Petitioner clearly established that in 2008, Petitioner and Respondent, together, moved their children, A.B. (male), C.G.B., C.D .B., and A.B. (female), from the United States to Sinaloa, Mexico. Once there, Respondent purchased land and built a home. Further, the children were enrolled in and attended the local Mexican public schools. Moreover, Respondent left the children in Mexico with Petitioner for months at a time while he worked in the United States. Habitual residence is determined by looking at the parents' intent or settled purpose prior to removal. See Larbie, 690 F.3d at 310. The parents' mutual decision to move their children to Mexico from the United States and establish roots in Guasaves, Sinaloa, Mexico, provided strong evidence of shared parental intent to make Mexico their children's country of habitual residence. Further evidence of shared parental intent and settled purpose was provided by the parents' signed written agreement, outlining Respondent's voluntary agreement to a visitation arrangement in Mexico.

Rights of custody was to be determined by the application of the laws of the Republic of Mexico. Petitioner Bernal asserted that the parties voluntarily executed a legally enforceable custody agreement under Article 17 of the Sinaloa Civil Code. To assist in proving that the document was a legally enforceable custody agreement under the laws of the Republic of Mexico, Petitioner submitted into evidence an affidavit by Mexican attorney Mariano Nunez Arreloa which explained relevant Mexican laws. When interpreting issues of foreign law, Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 44.1 allows a liberal approach to evidentiary rules, thus making Mariano Nunez Arreola's affidavit acceptable proof of Mexican laws. The State of Sinaloa, Mexico, in accordance with the Sinaloa Civil Code adhered to the legal doctrine of patria potestad. See Sina. Civ.Code, tit. 8, ch. 1, art. 412 et seq.; "Pursuant to that doctrine both parents have joint custody

rights." The Court found that the agreement between Petitioner and Respondent was valid under the laws of the State of Sinaloa, Mexico. Furthermore, the agreement gave Petitioner specific rights of custody as defined by the Convention. Petitioner proved by a preponderance of the evidence that Respondent took C.G.B., C.D.B., and A.B. (female) in breach of Petitioner's rights of custody under the laws of the children's habitual residence-the Republic of Mexico ,and that such rights were exercised at the time of removal.



In support of his "grave risk" affirmative defense, Respondent argued that the narrow exception to return of the children to Mexico applies because the ongoing cartel violence in Guasaves, Sinaloa, Mexico, posed a grave risk; and Petitioner was less fit than Respondent to care for their children. The court found that Respondent failed to establish by clear and convincing evidence that there was a grave risk that return of C.G.B., C.D.B., and A.B. (female) would expose the children to physical or psychological harm or otherwise place the children in an intolerable situation. Respondent argued that the following provided evidence that return would expose the children to physical or psychological harm or place the children in an intolerable situation: (1) the ongoing cartel violence in Guasaves, Sinaloa, Mexico; Respondent testified to observing what appeared to be dead bodies in the river near their home in Guasaves, Sinaloa, Mexico. (2) an occurrence in which A.B. (male) was a passenger in a vehicle stopped at gunpoint by alleged cartel members; A.B. (male) testified that he was in a vehicle with his uncle, grandmother, and cousin. The vehicle was stopped by armed men and a gun was pointed at his uncle. A.B. (male) further testified that the armed men were not police and were looking for people in a similar vehicle. The armed men allowed them to leave.

The Court held that ongoing violence in the Republic of Mexico was a serious concern; however, the general cartel violence in Mexico, and specifically the testimonial evidence, did not constitute the clear and convincing evidence necessary to trigger the grave risk of harm exception. Moreover, courts have refused to extend the grave risk of harm exception to cases in which return of a child was to a country facing similarly violent sociopolitical disruptions as those currently confronting the citizens of the Republic of Mexico. Respondent demonstrated that the ongoing violence in Mexico posed serious risk: however, Respondent failed to show that the risk to the children was grave. Respondent failed to show that the conditions in Guasaves, Sinaloa, Mexico, equated to a "zone of war, famine, or disease." Respondent's grave risk of harm defense based on the cartel violence in Mexico was denied.

Respondent presented evidence that Petitioner possibly over-consumed alcohol; possibly entertained late night visits by men seeking money; failed to provide a clean house for the children; did not have employment; failed to provide the children with properly fitting clothing and shoes with money supplied by Respondent; and failed to rid the children of lice infestation. At trial, much was made over an incident in which A.B. (female) was stung by a scorpion at approximately 10:00 p.m., while staying at her grandparents' home. The child was rushed to the local hospital for treatment. Petitioner could not be immediately located, however, Petitioner testified that once she learned of the scorpion incident she went to the hospital and found that A.B. (female) had already been released. Although the evidence presented did not paint Petitioner in a pleasant light, Respondent failed to present any evidence of serious neglect or abuse to satisfy the grave risk of harm exception. The grave risk of harm defense was not intended to be used by a respondent as a vehicle to litigate the child's best interests.

When a petition for return of child is commenced in a court after one year from the date of removal, the respondent can assert an affirmative defense and prevent removal back to the country of habitual residence if respondent proves by a preponderance of the evidence that the child is now settled into the new environment. 42 U.S.C. § 11603(e)(2)(B); Convention, art. 12. Petitioner filed suit five months after the deadline. However, Respondent never raised the settled into new environment affirmative defense. Convention, art. 12. It was not raised in his answer, supplemental briefing, post-trial briefing, or at trial. Petitioner urged the Court to treat the Article 12 affirmative defense as waived because Respondent never asserted the defense. See Fed.R.Civ .P. 8(c)(1) (requiring parties to plead affirmative defenses)." Nevertheless the court held that Petitioner was never per se ambushed by an Article 12 settled into new environment defense because Respondent never raised the defense at any time over the course of the proceedings. Petitioner was well aware of the potential for an Article 12 affirmative defense based on the delayed filing of Petitioner's Verified Petition for Return of Children. However, the Court was mindful that by exercising its "contingent discretionary power" and examining Respondent's unpleaded Article 12 affirmative defense, Petitioner might be prejudiced by her inability to respond and assert a potentially viable equitable tolling defense, available to petitioners that fail to meet the one-year filing deadline under the Convention.

Through the exercise of the Court's "contingent discretionary power" to examine Respondent's settled into new environment affirmative defense under Article 12 of the Convention, it held that substantial evidence had not been presented to the Court to prove by a preponderance of evidence that C.G.B., C .D.B., and A.B. (female) were now settled into Crane, Texas; thus, there was no exception to return under the Convention. See 42 U.S.C. s 11603(e)(2)(B).

Respondent asserted that a default judgment divorce, entered by a Texas court on July 26, 2012, in which the Court awarded Respondent sole managing custody over the children was a defense to the return of C.G.B., C.D.B., and A.B. (female) to their country of habitual residence-the Republic of Mexico. The court pointed out that the Convention provides that state court actions "shall not decide ... the merits of rights of custody until it has been determined that the child is not to be returned" to the country of habitual residence in cases of wrongful removal under the Convention. Convention. art. 16. Furthermore, ICARA expressly prohibits a court from deciding the underlying merits of a custody dispute. 42 U.S.C. § 11601(b)(4). Under Article 17, that State cannot refuse to return a child solely on the basis of a court order awarding custody to the alleged wrongdoer made by one of its own courts or by the courts of another country. Significantly, the Court's determination that C.G.B., C.D.B., and A.B. (female) were wrongfully removed from their country of habitual residence under the Convention preempted the default judgment in state court that awarded sole managing custody. Respondent's award of sole managing custody under the laws of Texas was no defense to the return C.G.B., C.D.B., and A.B. (female) to the Republic of Mexico. The Texas court did not have the authority to decide the custody of the children and assign Respondent sole managing custody while the suit for return of children under the Convention was pending. Convention, art. 16.

Aly v. Aden, 2013 WL 593420 (D. Mn) [Canada] [Habitual Residence] [Grave Risk of Harm] [Attorneys Fees & Costs Clearly Inappropriate] [Petition Granted]

[Canada] [Habitual Residence] [Grave Risk of Harm] [Attorneys Fees & Costs Clearly Inappropriate] [Petition Granted]


In Aly v. Aden, 2013 WL 593420 (D. Mn) petitioner Mohamed Aly Saad Aly filed a petition against respondent Amal Aden alleging that Aden wrongfully removed their child from Canada to the United States. Petitioner Aly was born and raised in Cairo, Egypt. Aly had been a permanent resident of Ontario, Canada since 2007, where he was pursuing a PhD in engineering at the University of Waterloo. Aly applied for Canadian citizenship, and his application was being processed. Aly supported himself financially with a stipend he received from serving as a research/teaching assistant at the University of Waterloo, a temporary position that would end when Aly completed his PhD. Respondent Aden was a United States citizen who was born in Somalia and immigrated to Minnesota in 1999. Aden received a Bachelor's Degree in nursing in 2007 and worked part-time at the Hennepin County Medical Center.

Aly and Aden were religiously married in an Islamic ceremony in April 2010. On June 7, 2011, the couple was civilly married in Canada. In May 2010, Aden moved from Minnesota to Ontario and began living with Aly in his apartment. Aden purchased a townhome in Minnesota in 2007, which she continued to rent to a tenant after moving to Canada. Her immigration status in Canada was one of a visiting American. Upon moving to Canada, Aden retained her Minnesota driver's license, and when it expired obtained a New York driver's license. In November 2010, Aly added Aden to the lease agreement for his apartment. In November 2010, Aden became pregnant with P.H.A.S.A. In December 2010, Aden began working as a nurse at Millard Fillmore Gates Hospital in Buffalo, New York. In January 2011, Aden alleged that she told Aly she wanted to separate. On February 27, 2011, Aly and Aden were involved in a violent incident. An argument began when Aly became upset that Aden did not make him lunch, and instead suggested that he prepare his own lunch. Aden alleged that the argument escalated verbally, and she began to pack her bags, planning to end the relationship with Aly and move out of the apartment. At this point, Aden alleged that Aly threw her onto the bed, punched her in the head several times, and lay on top of her. When Aden got off the bed, she alleged that Aly grabbed her by the shoulders to prevent her leaving the room and kneed her forcibly in the stomach.. Aly testified that as the verbal argument over the preparation of lunch escalated, Aden threatened him with a kitchen knife and also threatened to kill herself or stab her belly. Aly further alleged that he, not Aden, sought refuge in the bathroom. The Court found neither Aly's nor Aden's version of the events of February 27, 2011 to be entirely credible.

Aden testified that in July 2011 she and Aly were involved in another physical altercation, which arose out of a woman claiming to have married Aly in March 2011 contacting Aden. Aden packed her belongings, intending to leave, and Aly allegedly hit her in the head several times. Aden also alleged that Aly deleted instant messages in which he admitted that he hit her in the head in July 2011. Aly and Aden's daughter, P.H.A.S.A., was born on August 27, 2011, in Canada. Because Aden did not have health insurance in Canada, she was ultimately billed $13,000 for her delivery at the Canadian hospital. P.H.A.S.A. was a Canadian and an American citizen. And also had a United States passport and social security card. Aden returned to her nursing job at Millard in October 2011 and began working weekends. On weekends Aly would care for P.H.A.S.A. Aly and P.H .A.S.A. would accompany Aden to the Canadian border near Buffalo and stay at a bed and breakfast while Aden worked. Aden alleged that she "fear[ed] for [P.H.A.S.A.]'s safety" and "was terrified" when she went back to work and left P.H.A.S.A. in Aly's custody. The Court found this testimony to be not credible. Aden consistently left P.H.A.S.A. in the sole care of Aly. These actions were inconsistent with Aden's alleged terror. This was particularly true in light of Aden's history of a willingness and ability to leave Aly. Aden made no allegations that P.H.A.S.A. was harmed physically, psychologically, or emotionally while in the sole custody of Aly. Prior to April 26, 2012, P.H.A.S.A. attended all of her medical appointments in Canada, including specialist appointments for a possible genetic disease. In February 2012, Aden entered into another rental agreement with the tenant for her Minnesota townhome. The agreement granted the tenant a lease through April 30, 2013.



On April 25, 2012, Aly and Aden had an argument during which Aden told Aly she wanted to separate. Aden alleged that while she was holding P.H.A.S.A. Aly slapped Aden in the face. Aden alleged that this was the seventh time Aly had physically assaulted her. Aden testified that Aly then grabbed P.H.A.S.A. from Aden's arms and threw P.H.A.S.A. into the corner of the room .P.H.A.S.A. landed on the floor and began crying hysterically according to Aden's account of the evening. Aly denied all of the allegations of the April 25, 2011 event, and specifically denied that he threw P.H.A.S.A. across the room. The next day, April 26, 2011, Aden took P.H.A.S.A. to a doctor's appointment in Hamilton City, Ontario, that had previously been scheduled. Aden brought the bags she had packed the previous night. The Court again found neither party's testimony regarding the events of April 25 to be entirely credible. It found Aden's testimony credible to the extent that it believed a verbal argument erupted between the parties and that Aly did become physically violent toward Aden. The Court, however, found Aden's testimony that Aly grabbed P.H.A.S.A. from Aden's arms and threw her across the room to be not credible because Aden, a trained nurse, did not seek medical attention for her eight-month-old child after the child was allegedly thrown across the room. Additionally, the Court believed that if the allegations were true Aden would have mentioned the incident at P.H.A.S.A's doctor's appointment the next day, since Aden's conduct on February 27, 2011, showed that she was not afraid to report incidents of domestic abuse. Finally, the Court found the testimony not credible to the extent that an eight-month-old child grabbed forcibly from someone's arms and thrown across a room, landing on the floor, would likely have sustained some injuries visible to a doctor at an appointment that occurred the day after the incident.



After P.H.A.S.A.'s doctor's appointment, Aden drove with the child to Buffalo, New York. Aden withdrew her final paycheck from Millard and began driving to Minnesota. Aden and P.H.A.S.A. arrived in Minnesota on April 27, 2012. Aden sent Aly an instant message informing him that she and P.H.A.S.A. had arrived safely in Minnesota. Aden's townhome tenant made other living arrangements, and Aden and P.H.A.S.A. eventually moved into this home.

Aden alleged that Aly approved of the practice of female genital mutilation Aden also alleged that Aly asked Aden to take P.H.A.S.A. to Aden's mother, who lived in Kenya, to have the child undergo FGM. Aden testified that Aly then stated that if Aden's mother would not do the procedure, Aly would take P.H.A.S.A. to his mother in Egypt to have the procedure done. Aly denied that he approved of FGM or that he would subject P .H.A.S.A. to FGM and instead alleged that Aden's mother and Aden herself had been advocates of subjecting P.H.A.S.A. to the procedure.(Aden presented expert testimony from Elizabeth Boyle about the practice of FGM. Aly presented expert testimony from Mr. Abed Awad, an expert on Islamic law, about the practice of FGM. FGM is associated with physical and psychological harm. FGM can cause, among other things, hemorrhaging, infection, and complications with childbirth, as well as anxiety disorders, depression, and post-traumatic stress disorder. FGM is not a practice mandated by Islam. And the mainstream Islamic organizations' position is that the practice is unIslamic. FGM is not an accepted or prevalent practice in North America and is illegal in both Canada and the United States. Dr. Jeffrey Edelson holds a PhD in social work, and provided expert testimony regarding the likelihood of future domestic violence based on a perpetrator's history. He opined that "there is a grave risk of physical harm and psychological harm to the infant [P.H.A.S.A.] involved in this case ... [s]hould she be returned" to Canada.

The parties did not dispute that in April 2012 Aly was exercising a right of custody over P.H.A.S.A. Ontario law provides that "the father and the mother of a child are equally entitled to custody of the child." Children's Law Reform Act, R. S.O.1990, c. C.12, s. 20(1). The court pointed out that a child's habitual residence is "the place where he or she has been physically present for an amount of time sufficient for acclimatization and which has a ‘degree of settled purpose’ from the child's perspective." Feder v. Evans–Feder, 63 F.3d 217, 224 (3d Cir.1995). "[S]ettled purpose need not be to stay in a ... location forever, but the family must have a' sufficient degree of continuity to be properly described as settled. " Silverman, 338 F.3d at 898 (quoting Feder, 63 F.3d at 223).7 In determining whether a particular place satisfies the standard for habitual residence, "[t]he child's perspective should be paramount," and "[p]arental intent is not dispositive." Stern, 639 F.3d at 452. Finally, habitual residence is determined by examining "past experience, not future intentions." Nunez–Escudero v. Tice–Menley, 58 F.3d 374, 379 (8th Cir.1995). This case involved a different question than the typical Convention case. Rather than determining whether there was a change in habitual residence, the Court had to determine whether eight-month-old P.H.A.S.A. ever established a habitual residence in Canada before being removed to the United States. In cases where the parents lack a settled intent to reside together at the time of the child's birth, the infant may not acquire a habitual residence in the country in which she is born. However, "where a matrimonial home exists, i.e., where both parents share a settled intent to reside, determining the habitual residence of an infant presents no particular problem, it simply calls for application of the analysis under the Convention with which courts have become familiar." Under these circumstances, even very young infants can acquire a habitual residence. The Court found that P.H.A.S.A. was a habitual resident of Canada prior to her removal. Aly and Aden were married in Canada before P.H.A. S.A.'s birth. At the time of their daughter's birth Aly and Aden had lived together in a Canadian apartment for over fifteen months. Both Aly and Aden were obligated on the lease, which extended through May 31, 2012. P.H .A.S.A. was born in Canada, acquired Canadian citizenship, and lived in Canada for eight months before being removed to the United States. Prior to her removal, P.H.A.S.A. had never been to the United States. All of these facts indicated that Aly and Aden shared a settled intent to reside with P.H.A.S.A. in their matrimonial home in Canada.That Aden retained numerous ties with the United States did not alter the Court's conclusion that P.H.A.S.A. was a habitual resident of Canada. Although P .H.A.S.A. was only eight months old when she was removed from Canada, unlike cases involving very young infants, there was evidence suggesting some degree of acclimatization. In eight months, P.H.A.S .A. had never been outside of Canada. P.H.A.S.A. had begun to form important contacts in Canada. P.H.A.S.A. was a Canadian citizen and was the recipient of Canadian child benefits. Moreover, P.H.A.S.A. attended all of her doctor's appointments in Canada, including several visits to specialists related to a possible genetic disorder.



Aden argued that returning P.H.A.S.A. to Canada would put the child at a grave risk of physical and psychological harm because of Aly's history of abuse and desire to subject P.H.A.S.A. to FGM. "[S]erious abuse or neglect" can qualify as a grave risk of harm under Article 13(b)." Silverman v. Silverman, 338 F.3d 886, 900 (8th Cir.2003) (en banc) The grave risk inquiry is narrow in scope, and "there must be evidence of a grave risk of harm to [the] child, not solely to a parent or some other third party." Acosta v. Acosta, Civ. No. 12–342, 2012 WL 2178982, at *7 (D. Minn. June 14, 2012). "[B]ecause the Hague Convention provides only a provisional, short-term remedy in order to permit long-term custody proceedings to take place in the home jurisdiction, the grave-risk inquiry should be concerned only with the degree of harm that could occur in the immediate future." Gaudin v. Remis, 415 F.3d 1028, 1037 (9th Cir.2005).The petitioner cannot rely on generalized evidence but must produce "specific evidence of potential harm." Rydder, 49 F.3d at 373.

With respect to physical and psychological abuse, where the child herself has been subjected directly to serious physical and psychological abuse, the grave risk defense is typically met. See Blondin v. Dubois, 238 F.3d 153, 161–62 (2d Cir.2001) (explaining that where "the child faces a real risk of being hurt, physically or psychologically" the grave risk of harm exception is met).Typically, however, "general evidence concerning abuse of the mother is not sufficient to establish the Article 13(b) exception that return will expose the child to a grave risk of harm." . A petitioner must demonstrate a connection between the harm to her in returning to the home country and a risk to the child. See Abbott, 130 S.Ct. at 1997. The Court concluded that Aden has failed to demonstrate that P.H.A.S.A. would face a grave risk of harm if she was returned to Canada. The Court found Aden's allegations that P.H.A.S.A. would face a grave risk of physical or psychological harm at the hands of Aly were either not credible or fail to meet the standard of clear and convincing evidence required by the grave risk exception.

The Court fouond that Aly had not directly abused P.H.A.S.A. as it found Aden's testimony alleging that Aly threw P.H.A.S.A. across the room and kneed Aden in the stomach while she was pregnant to be insufficiently credible to satisfy the heightened standard for establishing the grave risk exception. It found that Aly physically abused Aden on at least four occasions—in the fall of 2010, on February 27, 2011, in July 2011, and on April 25, 2012. However, the Court found Aden's testimony regarding the severity of the February and April violent episodes to be exaggerated. The incidents in the fall of 2010 and July 2011 involved some pushing and slapping. These isolated instances of abuse aimed at the mother did not rise to the level of severity required to meet the grave risk exception, which focuses on a grave risk of harm to the child that would occur prior to the resolution of a custody dispute and must be established by clear and convincing evidence. Additionally, Aly's abuse was not characterized by prolonged violent outbursts. Aly's outbursts of rage were short-lived, and after becoming physically violent he would immediately become calm and resume normal life activities. Finally, and most importantly, the Court found that these incidents of violence had not directly impacted P.H.A.S.A. This violence was not perpetrated against P.H.A.S.A., and only one incident allegedly occurred in P.H.A.S.A.'s presence. Additionally, the Court found the allegations that Aly would subject P.H.A.S.A. to FGM to be too speculative to demonstrate a grave risk of physical and psychological harm by clear and convincing evidence. Although subjecting P.H.A.S.A. to FGM would clearly constitute a grave harm, the grave risk inquiry focuses on "immediate" risks. At most, the record contained allegations that Aly believed in the practice and has expressed a desire to subject his daughter to the procedure, potentially by taking her to Egypt. None of the female members of Aly's family had undergone the procedure, suggesting that immediate family pressure was not an issue. The record did not reflect that Aly would be able to obtain this procedure in the United State or Canada, which the Court found mitigated any immediate risk to P.H.A.S.A. Aly was not currently in possession of P .H.A.S.A.'s passport. Should Aly's alleged desire to subject P. H.A. S.A. to FGM manifest itself into actual plans to carry out the procedure, the Court believed that the Canadian court was equipped to prevent this occurrence. Further, the Court found that the generalized evidence presented by Aden about Aly's controlling behavior and disrespect toward women was insufficient to establish that P.H.A.S.A. would be subjected to a grave risk of psychological harm if she was returned to Canada for purposes of resolving Aly and Aden's custody dispute. Although Aly's apparent devaluation of women was troubling, the Court did not find that these views would subject P.H.A.S.A. to grave psychological harm in the period of time that custody proceedings are pending in Canada. Moreover, courts in the abducted-from country, Canada, were as ready and able as we are to protect children.

Aly requested that the Court award all legal costs, fees, and travel expenses incurred in securing the return of P.H.A.S.A pursuant to the Article 26 of the Convention, and pursuant to ICARA, which provides that any court ordering the return of a child pursuant to an action brought under section 11603 of this title shall order the respondent to pay necessary expenses and costs unless the respondent establishes that such order would be clearly inappropriate." 42 U.S.C. § 11607(b)(3).

Although Aden was employed on a part-time basis, she demonstrated that due to her monthly income and expenditures, paying Aly's attorneys' fees and costs would present a financial hardship. Additionally, Aden's financial situation was affected by the $13,000 hospital bill for P.H.A. S.A.'s delivery that was still outstanding, an expense that Aden incurred on behalf of both herself and Aly. Moreover, the Court found that at least some of Aden's current financial hardship was due to the control that Aly exerted over her funds while Aden was living in Canada, including Aly naming himself as the recipient of P.H.A. S.A.'s Canadian Child Benefits. That Aly contributed to Aden's straitened financial circumstances made an award of fees to Aly inappropriate. Finally, the Court found that Aly "bears at least some responsibility for the acrimony between the parties." The Court determined that Aly did not provide truthful testimony, and was physically and verbally abusive toward respondent. These factors were appropriately considered in determining whether a fee award would be appropriate. In light of Aden's financial circumstances, an award of fees could compromise Aden's ability to care for P.H.A.S.A. The Court therefore found that an award of attorneys' fees and costs was clearly inappropriate.