Horacius v Richard, Not Reported in Fed. Rptr., 2024 WL 3580772 (11th Circuit, 2024)[Canada] [Petition granted] [Habitual residence] [Exercise of discretion to order return dispositive]

In Horacius v Richard, Not Reported in Fed. Rptr., 2024 WL 3580772 (11th Circuit, 2024) the Eleventh Circuit affirmed the of the district court, granting Eric John Horacius’s petition for the return of Richard’s and Horacius’s minor child, A.H., to Canada.

Richard and Horacius were married in Canada in 2018. Horacius was a dual citizen of the United States and Canada. Richard and A.H. were  Canadian citizens. At the time of A.H.’s birth, in March 2020, Richard and Horacius lived together in Quebec. Around December 2020, when A.H. was nine months old, Richard and Horacius took A.H. to the Dominican Republic to visit Richard’s parents. The parties left the Dominican Republic in February 2021 and traveled directly to Florida. From February 2021 until the alleged wrongful retention began in March 2022, A.H. lived with Richard and Horacius at the home of Richard’s sister in Miramar, Florida, “by mutual agreement of the parties.” A.H. has biological brothers, grandparents, and extended family in both Canada and Florida. While living with Richard and A.H. in Florida, Horacius: (1) obtained a Florida driver’s license using Richard’s sister’s Miramar address; (2) applied for and received a notary commission in Florida using the Miramar address; (3) obtained a Florida concealed weapons permit using the Miramar address; and (4) registered to vote in Florida and maintained active voter status there at the time of trial. Horacius also filed affidavits of support with United States immigration authorities for Richard and A.H. to become permanent United States residents, and he listed the Miramar address as his residence on the affidavits. In January 2022, after A.H. had been living in Florida for nearly a year, Horacius left and returned to Canada alone. The following month, in February 2022, Richard filed a divorce petition against Horacius in Florida state court. Horacius then purchased and sent airline tickets for Richard and A.H. to return to Canada around March 2022, but Richard refused to return.

 

Richard’s refusal to return with A.H. to Canada, in March 2022, marked the point at which the alleged wrongful retention began. Horacius filed his ICARA petition in November 2023. By the time of trial, in January 2024, A.H. had been living in Florida for nearly three years. The district court granted the petition.

 

On appeal, Richard argued that the district court erred in (1) concluding that A.H.’s habitual residence was Canada; (2) determining that she had violated Horacius’s rights of custody under Canadian law; and (3) rejecting her defense based on A.H.’s well-settled status in the United States. The Eleventh Circuit affirmed the district court’s factual findings and its exercise of discretion to return A.H. to Canada.

 

Although neither the Hague Convention nor ICARA defines the term “habitual residence,” precedent interpreting the phrase has looked to whether a child has lived in the place with “a sufficient degree of continuity to be properly described as settled.” (quoting Ruiz v. Tenorio, 392 F.3d 1247, 1252 (11th Cir. 2004)). When analyzing whether a child’s habitual residence has changed from one country to another, we have “held that ‘[t]he first step toward acquiring a new habitual residence is forming a settled intention to abandon the one left behind.’ ” “The ‘unilateral intent of a single parent,’ ” is not enough, standing alone, “to change a child’s habitual residence.”. Instead, “a court must ... determine whether the parents or guardians ... shared an intent to change the child’s habitual residence.” Richard’s first argument was that the district court erred in concluding that A.H.’s habitual residence was Canada. She argued that A.H. spent significantly more time in the United States than in Canada, and she pointed to several facts in the record that supported the conclusion that she and Horacius shared an intent to live in the United States. She noted that she and Horacius had obtained an early termination of the lease of their condominium in Canada; that Horacius obtained a Florida driver’s license and Florida notary public commission using their address in Florida; and that Horacius sought to buy a home in Florida. The district court found Richard not to be credible regarding the parties’ intention to relocate to the United States, and the Court held it must afford that finding significant deference. The district court also correctly identified the applicable “totality-of-the-circumstances standard,” so review of its conclusion about A.H.’s habitual residence was only for clear error. Monasky, 589 U.S. at 84. While review of the record evidence showed that it is a close call whether A.H.’s habitual residence was Canada, rather than the United States, it did not have a “definite and firm conviction that a mistake has been committed.” Instead, the record contains sufficient evidence to support the district court’s conclusion that Canada was A.H.’s habitual residence. Among this evidence was the fact that Richard stated that the family’s stay would be temporary to obtain a B-2 visa when she entered the United States. In addition, Horacius’s and Richard’s belongings remained in a storage unit in Canada during their stay in Florida. Although Richard applied for American citizenship during her time in Florida, that application did not weigh heavily in her favor, as citizenship and residence are not coterminous. For instance, Horacius was a citizen of both Canada and the United States but was only a resident of Canada. Given the facts and the district court’s credibility determination, it could not be said that the district court’s view of the evidence was an impermissible one. Therefore, Richard had not shown clear error in the district court’s conclusion that A.H.’s habitual residence was Canada.

 

Richard did not dispute that Horacius had custody rights relating to A.H. under Canadian law, nor argued that he was not exercising those rights when the retention of A.H. began. She only disputed that her retention of A.H. breached Horacius’s custody rights. However, she conceded at trial that Horacius “should be involved in major decisions involving A.H.” and that she had made “major decisions such as schooling and medical treatment for A.H. without first speaking” to him. Richard’s counsel also conceded at oral argument that Horacius was attempting to exercise his rights of custody both before and after he left Florida, including by insisting that A.H. return to Canada. The Court concluded that these concessions, when considered with the facts described above and our review of Canadian law, show that the district court’s finding that A.H.’s retention violated Horacius’s custody rights was, again, a “permissible view[ ] of the evidence.”.Because Richard had not shown clear error in this respect either, the Court affirmed the district court’s findings that A.H.’s retention breached Horacius’s “custody rights under the law of Canada” and that Horacius “had actually been exercising those custody rights at the time of [A.H.’s] retention.” Horacius, therefore, established the second and third elements of his prima facie case.

 

The district court found that Richard had not shown that A.H. was well-settled in the United States. Even if she had, the district court ruled that it would exercise its discretion to order A.H.’s return. See Fernandez, 909 F.3d at 363. Because the latter ruling was dispositive, the Court did not address Richard’s well-settled affirmative defense. See Fla. Wildlife Fed’n Inc. v. United States Army Corps of Eng’rs, 859 F.3d 1306, 1316 (“We may affirm the district court’s ruling on any basis the record supports.”). Richard’s briefing on appeal does not challenge the district court’s alternative conclusion that it would exercise its discretion and order A.H. returned to Canada notwithstanding Richard’s well-settled defense. Thus, it concluded that any challenge to the district court’s ruling on that front was forfeited.